President for Life
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
President for Life is a title assumed by some dictators to remove their term limit, in the hope that their authority, legitimacy, and term will never be disputed.
One of the most well-known incidents of a republican leader extending his term indefinitely was Roman dictator Julius Caesar, who made himself "Perpetual Dictator" (commonly mistranslated as 'Dictator-for-life') in 45 BC. Traditionally, the office of dictator could only be held for six months, and although he was not the first Roman dictator to be given the office with no term limit, it was his dictatorship that inspired the string of Roman emperors who ruled after his death. His actions would later be copied by the French leader Napoleon Bonaparte who was appointed "First Consul for life" in 1802. Since then, many dictators have adopted similar titles, either on their own authority or having it granted to them by rubber stamp legislatures.
Most leaders who have proclaimed themselves President for Life have not in fact gone on to successfully serve a life term. Most have been deposed long before their death. However, some, such as Rafael Carrera, François Duvalier, Saparmurat Niyazov, José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia and Josip Broz Tito have managed to rule until their (natural) deaths.
Some very long-serving authoritarian presidents, such as North Korea's Kim Il-sung, who were frequently thought of as examples of Presidents for Life, actually underwent periodic renewal of mandate but in most cases these are show elections. After Kim Il-sung's death, the North Korean government wrote the presidential office out of the constitution, declaring him "Eternal President" in order to honor his memory forever.
Others made unsuccessful attempts to have themselves named President for Life, such as Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire in 1972.[1]
Notably, George Washington rejected all attempts to make him President for Life. That particular institution, as designed by its proponents, was, however, quite dissimilar from the modern usage, being an attempt to establish a limited constitutional elective monarchy.[citation needed] Washington retired after serving his second term, a practice followed by all Presidents afterwards except Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who died 88 days into his fourth term. Such a tenure is no longer constitutionally possible, as the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution limits Presidents to two terms.
A President-for-life may be regarded as a de facto monarch. In fact, other than the title, political scientists often face difficulties in differentiating a state ruled by a president-for-life (especially one who inherits the job from a family dictatorship) and a monarchy.
List of leaders who became President for Life
Note: the first date listed in each entry is the date of proclamation of their status as President for Life.
- Toussaint Louverture of Saint-Domingue was proclaimed Governor for Life by the 1801 Constitution; he was arrested and exiled to metropolitan France in 1802 and died in 1803.
- Henri Christophe of Haiti (1807) - became emperor, committed suicide in office 1818.
- José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia of Paraguay (1816) - died in office 1840.
- Rafael Carrera of Guatemala (1854) - died in office 1865.
- Yuan Shikai of China (1915) - became emperor, rescinded throne, died in office 1916.
- Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia (1963) - died in office 1980.
- Sukarno of Indonesia (1963) - deposed 1967.
- Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana (1964) - deposed 1966.
- François "Papa Doc" Duvalier of Haiti (1964) - died in office 1971, named his son as his successor (see below).
- Hastings Banda of Malawi (1971) - stripped of title 1993, defeated in elections 1994.
- Jean-Claude Duvalier of Haiti (1971) - named by his father as successor, deposed 1986.
- Jean-Bédel Bokassa of the Central African Republic (1972) - became emperor 1976, deposed 1979.
- Francisco Macías Nguema of Equatorial Guinea (1972) - deposed 1979.
- Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia (1975) - deposed 1987.
- Idi Amin of Uganda (1976) - defeated in war 1979.
- Lennox Sebe of Ciskei (1983) - deposed 1990.
- Saparmurat Niyazov of Turkmenistan (1999) - died in office 2006.
Notes
- ^ Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, p. 211
| This article needs additional
citations for
verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) |
hr:Doživotni predsjednik id:Presiden seumur hidup it:Presidenti a vita pt:Presidente vitalício ru:Пожизненный президент
